![]() Mai Mai Militia Combatants Extorting Payment from Fishermen on Lake Edward in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) ![]() According to the United Nations (UN) Group of Experts, many armed groups continue to raise revenue from various sources, such as extortion and natural resources, including gold (see fig.). These groups range from very small militias to well-organized, sophisticated groups with international recruitment, support, and finance networks. In 2020, there were an estimated 113 armed groups in the region, according to the Kivu Security Tracker. Some of these factors continue to support or give rise to armed groups.Īrmed groups and Congolese security forces are the key perpetrators of this violence and create a climate of insecurity for civilians, according to participants in GAO's 10 expert interviews. ![]() According to various sources, the main factors that contribute to the conflict include weak governance corruption natural resource exploitation influence from neighboring countries (particularly Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda) ethnic tensions and economic pressures. Battles, fatalities, and attacks on civilians were relatively constant from 2014 through 2016 but steadily increased from 2017 through 2021, according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. Armed groups continue to commit severe human rights abuses, including sexual violence, and profit from the exploitation of “conflict minerals,” according to the Department of State. Overall peace and security in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has not improved since 2014 because of persistent, interdependent factors that fuel violence by non-state armed groups (armed groups). Pour la version française de cette page, voir GAO-23-106085.
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